'Abdullāh Ibn 'Abbās / Muḥammad al-Fīrūzabādī
تفسير : then allah exposited what he made unlawful for them, saying: (he hath forbidden you only carrion) which he has commanded to immolate, (and blood) and shed blood, (and swineflesh, and that which hath been immolated to any other than allah) that which is offered as sacrifice purposefully in any other thing than the name of allah, i.e. to idols. (but he who is driven by necessity) compelled to eat carrion (neither craving) neither rebelling nor declaring it lawful (nor transgressing) nor committing highway robbery nor purposefully eating it without being driven by necessity, (it is no sin for him) then such a person, who is compelled to eat it without having his fill and without taking anything with him, has not transgressed. (lo! allah is forgiving) that he ate more than he needs to preserve himself, (merciful) when he gave him legal dispensation to eat carrion.
Jalāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī
تفسير : he has only forbidden you: carrion, that is, the consumption of it, since this is the subject of the general address here, and similarly [the consumption of] what follows, [all of] which is what has not been slaughtered in accordance with [prescriptions of] the law; to this the sunna adds [as also constituting carrion] what has been severed from a living creature. a special status is, however, accorded fish and locusts; blood, poured forth, as in [sūrat] al-an‘ām [see q. 6:145], the flesh of swine, the meat is singled out for mention because that [part] is what people mostly seek, every other [part] being implied thereby; what has been hallowed to other than god, that is to say, what has been slaughtered in other than his name (al-ihlāl is the raising of one’s voice, which they used to do when sacrificing for their gods). yet whoever is constrained, forced by dire need to eat of the above-mentioned, not desiring, to rebel against muslims, nor transgressing, committing aggression against them by waylaying them, no sin shall be on him, for eating it. god is forgiving, to his friends, merciful, to those who are obedient to him, for he has granted them wide berth in this matter. the aggressor and the transgressor are excluded from this [dispensation], and to these two [categories] one should also add every person that sets out on a journey in disobedience, such as the fugitive or the excise collector, for whom it would be unlawful to eat any of the mentioned, unless they repent [of their disobedience]; this is the opinion of al-shāfi‘ī.
